What Is the Sabbath?

Understand the Issue

The idea of a weekly Sabbath, or day of rest, may seem strange to many people living in today’s fast-paced, modern culture. But the concept has been around a long time. Christians, Muslims, and Jews have observed weekly “holy days” for centuries—even millennia. The earliest documented reference to a Sabbath day of rest is found in the biblical book of Genesis.

In recent years numerous voices have pointed out society’s need for “technology sabbaths,” “smartphone sabbaths,” “family sabbaths,” and even “environmental sabbaths.” A common premise runs through all of these calls for sabbath rest—humanity and the planet need a regular, recurring break from the chaos, stress, and abuse that modern society places on itself and our planet.

The idea of a weekly Sabbath, or day of rest, may seem strange to many people living in today’s fast-paced, modern culture. But the concept has been around a long time. Christians, Muslims, and Jews have observed weekly “holy days” for centuries—even millennia. The earliest documented reference to a Sabbath day of rest is found in the biblical book of Genesis. According to this ancient record, God created Earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day: “Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made” (Genesis 2:2-3).

The word Sabbath literally means “rest.” In the Biblical narrative, it’s a concept embedded deeply into creation by the Creator, shaping our weekly seven-day life cycle even in modern times. Interestingly, science has recently discovered that many physiological functions within the human body such as disease immunity, systolic blood pressure, enamel deposition, and cognitive functions, cycle in sets or multiples of seven days. Similar seven-day rhythms occur in many other species including honeybees, beetles, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and even algae. As the journal Chronobiology International recently reported,

“[M]any diverse species are known to express [seven-day cyclic phenomena], from the simple unicellular Gonyaulax polyedra…to plants, insects, fish, birds and mammals, e.g. laboratory rodents, horses and humans. …From a chronobiologic point of view, it is impossible to eliminate the 7 d[ay] component from the inherent organization of processes and functions of the biological time structure.”

Reinberg, Alain & Dejardin, Laurence & Smolensky, Michael & Touitou, Yvan. (2016). Seven-day human biological rhythms: An expedition in search of their origin, synchronization, functional advantage, adaptive value and clinical relevance. Chronobiology International. 34. 1-30. 10.1080/07420528.2016.1236807.

Perhaps the Bible’s seven-day week, and its culminating Sabbath rest on the seventh day, are more deeply implanted in us, and in nature, than we have realized. Perhaps by ignoring our need for Sabbath rest, we have inadvertently placed ourselves out of harmony with ourselves, with nature, and with nature’s Creator. Perhaps it’s time to remember the Sabbath.

Is Sabbath a Christian Holiday?

The Biblical Sabbath has always been the seventh day of the week, what we call Saturday. However, the “Christian Sabbath” is today almost universally recognized as Sunday, the first day of the week. This day of worship dates back to the convergence of religious and political power under the Roman Catholic Church in the middle ages.

Sabbath Rest and Social Justice

Throughout history, the Sabbath has provided an opportunity to combat and, at least to some degree, dismantle the distinctions of socio-economic status within human society. Thousands of years ago people were already talking about the Sabbath as a day that would be a blessing to society. Few people would argue that human society today desperately needs these same Sabbath blessings.

Sabbath Rest and the Environment

Many wars are fought over natural resources and food production, and the same technologies that have allowed for tremendous increases in crop yields also exact terrible collateral damage on the environment and on humanity. Tthe Bible’s Sabbath rest on the seventh day of each week, and the principles of wisely using and safeguarding the resources found in our environment, could make a difference for us today.

Sabbath rest: a shared experience

Sabbath Rest: A Common Experience

From its first mention in Genesis 2, the Sabbath is presented as a day of rest to be shared and experienced with others. The prophet Isaiah revealed that the Sabbath was intended not just for the Jewish community, but also for the “sons of the stranger, that join themselves to the Lord” (Isaiah 56:6). God created the Sabbath to be a blessing for all people!

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What Day is the Sabbath?

The word Sabbath literally means “rest,” and the Bible says that God blessed and sanctified, or set apart as holy, this first Sabbath rest day as a memorial of His finished work of creation. This is why the fourth commandment begins with a call to remember the seventh-day Sabbath rest.